Bureau Of Alcohol And Tobacco Essays - Bureau Of Alcohol, Tobacco

Bureau Of Alcohol And Tobacco BUREAU of ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, and FIREARMS The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms is one of the most important Federal Agencies we have. It is dedicated to reducing violent crime, collecting revenue and protecting the public. The ATF, for short, has many different programs for alcohol, firearms, arson and explosives, and tobacco. The ATF has a long background starting in 1789. It serves a huge function to keeping illegal alcohol and guns off the streets. The ATF is in the news a lot for different reasons. It is a large agency with tremendous power. The ATF roots have been around for hundreds of years. It all started in 1789, when the first congress imposed a tax on alcohol to pay for a war debt. Congressional lawmakers were impressed with the job that Alexander Hamilton had done with the administrative duties on this tax. By 1862, Congress created an Office of Internal Revenue within the Treasury Department. It was responsible for charging the commissioner with collection, among others, of taxes on distilled spirits and tobacco products that continue today. In 1963 they started hiring agents to investigate and punish people who tried to get away with tax evasion. The Bureau of Internal Revenue did many things related with alcohol and tobacco; it became a burden. So when Prohibition came around they created th e Treasurys Bureau of Prohibition. When Prohibition ended they created the Federal Alcohol Control Administration, the FACA. This was short lived so the came up with the FAA, Federal Alcohol Administration. In 1934 the Alcohol Tax Unit, ATU, was created. At the same time, the FAA, functioning independently within Treasury, collecting data, to establish license and permit requirements, and define the regulations that ensure a fair marketplace for the alcohol industry and the consumer. In 1940 the FAA as and merged with the ATU. In 1952 the Bureau of Internal Revenue was dismantled. All of its alcohol or tobacco related issues went to the ATU. The Bureau was renamed the Internal Revenue Service, the IRS. The IRS renamed the ATU the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division. When the Gun Control Act was passed in 1968 it gave them the responsibility of firearms. Because of this it was renamed to the Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) Division. This is the ATF we know today. The government funds it and they get money taxes collected from alcohol, tobacco, and firearms retailers. It is broken down into four major parts. There are the Alcohol Programs, Tobacco Programs, Firearms Programs, and Arson & Explosives Programs. The Alcohol Division is responsible for approving certificates of label approval (COLAs) for alcoholic beverages. They way it works is that it gets money for every barrel or can of alcohol. They regulate the alcohol industry. They issue alcohol permits and work to keep criminals out of the business. The Tobacco Division works about the same. It uses money given to them by taxes and permits. The job of the Tobacco Division is to ensure the collection of tobacco taxes and to qualify applicants for permits to manufacture or import tobacco products or to operate tobacco export warehouses. The Firearms division investigates armed violent offenders and career criminals, narcotics traffickers, narco-terrorists, violent gangs, and domestic and int ernational arms traffickers, along with tax collection, and permit issuing. The Arson & Explosives Division has responsibilities dedicated to protecting the public, reducing violent crime, and collecting revenue. It enforces the Federal laws and regulations to explosives and arson. All of these four divisions are broken down and there are head offices around the nation. There are currently 14 regions but soon to be 23. These offices control a large area, up to five states, and regulate everything each division does. The man in charge is the Director of the ATF. His name is Bradley A. Buckles. He oversees the work of all of the people under him. He is responsible for many speeches to the press and the public. He was sworn in on December 20, 1999. He is a man with much passion for the ATF and wants to accomplish a lot. The largest things they have been in the news about their findings on crime gun traces, and

Free Essays on Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo

Researching at the library for another class, I ran across on exemplary narrative by Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo. â€Å"Recuerdos historicos y personales tocante a la alta California† compromises nearly one-thousand pages of personal, social, and cultural history. In it, Vallejo seems embittered toward the Americanos and yet aware of his own self-betrayal. As a man in his sixties relating the history of California from 1769 – 1849 with a clear view of its social formation, its transition from Spanish to Mexican influence, and its radical transformation under the American regime, his is a narrative that fuses his own story with the larger social history of the times. Vallejo is perhaps the prime example of the political Californio entrepreneur in the 1800’s whose fortunes measurably reflect the shifting politics of the time. He parlayed his soldering under the Mexican regime into ascending rank and ever expanding property ownership. He built an estate in northern California that began with nothing and eventually grew into 175,000 acres of land, thousands of cattle and horses, luxurious homes and furnishings, and many servants. In the mid-1870’s he was stripped of the acreage surrounding his home in Sonoma. He lost his wealth to lawyers and other â€Å"ingrates† and was left roaming San Francisco and the Sonoma countryside asking friends for small loans. Vallejo’s narratives provide a broad field of information on Hispano-Mexicano life before the loss of California and much of northern Mexico to the United States in the war of 1846-48. They tend to describe the significant historical, political, and social events of the time. They present a picture of a peaceful pre-American California.... Free Essays on Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo Free Essays on Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo Researching at the library for another class, I ran across on exemplary narrative by Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo. â€Å"Recuerdos historicos y personales tocante a la alta California† compromises nearly one-thousand pages of personal, social, and cultural history. In it, Vallejo seems embittered toward the Americanos and yet aware of his own self-betrayal. As a man in his sixties relating the history of California from 1769 – 1849 with a clear view of its social formation, its transition from Spanish to Mexican influence, and its radical transformation under the American regime, his is a narrative that fuses his own story with the larger social history of the times. Vallejo is perhaps the prime example of the political Californio entrepreneur in the 1800’s whose fortunes measurably reflect the shifting politics of the time. He parlayed his soldering under the Mexican regime into ascending rank and ever expanding property ownership. He built an estate in northern California that began with nothing and eventually grew into 175,000 acres of land, thousands of cattle and horses, luxurious homes and furnishings, and many servants. In the mid-1870’s he was stripped of the acreage surrounding his home in Sonoma. He lost his wealth to lawyers and other â€Å"ingrates† and was left roaming San Francisco and the Sonoma countryside asking friends for small loans. Vallejo’s narratives provide a broad field of information on Hispano-Mexicano life before the loss of California and much of northern Mexico to the United States in the war of 1846-48. They tend to describe the significant historical, political, and social events of the time. They present a picture of a peaceful pre-American California....

Managing across culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing across culture - Essay Example Being the Management Consultant for the telecommunications company which is planning to take its business to the international level and market; it becomes very important to make a thorough study about the available literatures on the different challenges that a company faces on a foreign soil and make recommendations accordingly. During the initial study, the team has found a number of possible challenges that could pose a threat to the smooth internationalisation of the company. Among the several challenges â€Å"culture shock and poor adjustment† seems to have the greater potential for disturbing the smooth internationalisation of the company. The first part or Part One of this research paper discusses the different available literatures and their observations. 1.2: Definition of â€Å"Culture† According to Adler (2008) culture can be defined as an integrated system of behavior among the human beings which takes into consideration the thoughts, beliefs, languages, co mmunications, customs and values, mannerisms of ethnic, religious, racial or social groups of people and the ability of those very people in conveying the same attitude their succeeding generations. Thus, a lot of elements joins together to form a specific culture for a group of people. From the very elements, it could be understood that culture is not a day’s process or a matter of a few months but instead culmination of habits and attitudes over a prolonged period of time and as result of multiple behavioral elements or factors (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1998). 1.3: Relation between Culture and Working Attitude According to the study and observations made by Berry, et al (2002) a human being is highly influenced by the culture to which he or she has been raised up in. As observed by Browaeys and Price (2008), culture is a system of behavior consisting of varied elements that shapes up their life and other activities associated with their lives. The culture of an individual affe cts the psychology, that is, the thought process. The psychology in turn decides the behavior, attitude and goal of an individual’s life, the likes and dislikes, and even most importantly, their working attitude. The findings of Buchanan and Huczynski (2004) in their study indicate this very fact. An individual is highly influenced by the culture to which he or she belongs. It is so because it impacts an individual from a very tender age, during the very basic years of an individual when one’s beliefs, emotions, outlook and attitude is at the nascent stage. Culture moulds the attitude of an individual at every stage, when an individual forms their attitudes towards their family, education and institutional life, their personal circles, and their attitude towards work. Culture has a greater role to play in shaping the attitude towards work of an individual. Burnes (2000) observe that different cultural factors have been influencing the communication skills and practices of the individuals in the workplace and working atmosphere for a long time. The perception of work and work pressure is also dependent on an individual’s attitude towards work. For instance, one who has been surrounded by a strong working culture will be highly motivated to work hard, turn the most impossible task into reality, the individual will not give up in any case. On the other hand an individual who has been experiencing a lethargic working culture w

The impact of social networking on our daily lives Research Paper

The impact of social networking on our daily lives - Research Paper Example The development of formal and informal contacts takes place in the social networks, Facebook, twitter, LinkedIn and Google plus. Statistics show that over 1.2 billion people use Facebook as a social network (Hunter 27). Despite the fact that it can be termed by many as the greatest development of the twenty-first century, it is still a high predator against social values, social structures and moral development. This paper aims at discussing the impacts of social networking (both positive and negatives) and arriving at a point of concluding whether social networking should acclaim praise or reprimands. Discussion Most people believe firmly that social networks breed better than evil in society. There are major positive impacts as a result of electronic information exchange. To start with is the promotion and facilitation of competition in trade. This can be achieved through harmonization of business practices, standardization of information, convenience in reaching out to sister comp anies and the market. Social networks have enabled consumers to maximize their freedom of choice. Organizations can, therefore, win consumers by producing only the best and also having an up to date integrated information system (Hunter 30). Such like competition enhance economic growth and development. To add further on the impact of social networking to the global economy, millions of people today get employed by social institutions. These employments can be appreciated for alleviating poverty, higher standards of living and the decrease of the dependency ratio. The management of huge organizations can enjoy reduced costs of managing this can mainly be through, ease in channeling of information between and/or among branches, eased supervision, and coordination of decision making in different branches (Peacock 42). The social network has also been a major tool used by investors who are willing to establish new companies. The major role played by the networking is the identification of new brand name. This can be achieved by the sharing of ideas in the networking. The companies can also use the network to advertise their products. This is easily achievable because many people use the social network therefore, the company can reach its market in a more convenient way. The network has also enabled organizations to spy on their competitors. This tool has led to the success of firms as they have defined level of competition and are able to perform within the standards of competitors (Hunter 32). Social networking has also developed a platform where businesses can do their research on. Organizations are able to view the comments of their customers towards the products they are producing. This is caused by the fact that people are able to express themselves and also share their own ideas (Gattike 14). The network gives the firms a platform where they can interact with its customers; they are able to ask their customers' questions. This gives them a chance to know th e quality of their products and respond accordingly. They are also able to understand the amount of utility a consumer derives from their products (Ryan 59). Social networking also enables people who may be seeking a job. Many sites in the social network contain many job opportunities which are advertised by different

The Marketing Audits Lo1 Marketing Essay

The Marketing Audits Lo1 Marketing Essay a. There are two components of marketing environment micro and macro components some of these are uncontrollable and some of them are controllable. Political, economic, Social, Technological, Legal forces, and indirect competitors are macro components of this environment. These are also uncontrollable forces. Customers, direct competitors, distributors, suppliers, sources of finance and the public are the micro components of the environment. The audit is the means by which a company can understand how it is related and integrated to the environment in which it operates. Audit divided into two parts, which are external and internal audit. Market is subject to continuous change so marketing techniques adopted by a company needs to be dynamic and open to changes. If a company is not ready to embrace the new challenges and opportunities that a changing, developing market has to offer it is doom to diminish its activities. Therefore, like financial auditing marketing auditing is essential before introducing a new marketing plan. For instance, McDonalds did not pay attention to the changing needs of customers and altering market. McDonalds eventually changed its longer-term strategic marketing plan after gaining a dull understanding of the market. There are number of techniques and tools to assess organizational capabilities such as Value chain analysis, SWOT Analysis, TOWS Analysis, Porters Five Forces, and BCG Matrix. Lets assume that Starbucks is using Value Chain Analysis. It will go through these points to fully analyze it. Inbound Logistics: To acquire one of the highest quality beans available Starbucks collaborated with a little town to buy the entire stock of beans available. Operations: the beans that are bought are roasted in Starbucks own roaster and if the sample is not in the same quality with the other samples it is being discarded. Therefore, it is a pretty complex operations system. Marketing and Sales: TV advertisements are not Starbucks priority. Instead, it is using the most powerful tool; word of mouth marketing and conduct some promotions. Because, it claims to offer more than coffee, which is Starbucks experience, company are not offering so many promotions and advertisement. Human Resource Management: Training of all employees is extremely important. Employees are valued and there is a really low turnover rate. Administration: Starbucks is avoiding becoming a traditional organization. Therefore, it doesnt have a formal organizational chart. Macintosh HD:Users:sara:Desktop:Screen Shot 2012-06-25 at 5.04.08 PM.png As the above example shows, it is inevitable to say that even a quick analysis (internal/external) is a must when considering forming a marketing plan in this volatile market environment. b. For auditing the organization, we should look at the capabilities of a firm. Our goal is to identify the firms strengths as compared to requirements of the market. Following capabilities can be examined while auditing the organization. Corporate capabilities, Resource audit, Utilization of resources, financial measures, Comparative analysis There are number of techniques and tools to assess organizational capabilities such as Value chain analysis, SWOT Analysis and BCG Matrix. For Starbucks Ive chose to conduct SWOT Analysis. SWOT Analysis SWOT ANALYSIS is used for measuring the organizations internal assessment. Strengths: Starbucks offer quality coffee and an experience for customers, which increase brand loyalty and customer satisfaction. Starbucks has high brand equity. Starbucks is operating in 40 countries worldwide with offering same quality. Product diversification is high Very recognized logo and brand High visibility locations is a good way of attracting customers and staling share from the competitors Good relationship with suppliers Good working environment, happy employees lead to satisfied customers Weaknesses: Prices are higher compared to competitors. Operating costs are high. Profit of the business depends on coffee prices. Starbucks is so much focusing on expansion, internal focus is ignored Threats: Increasing number of competitors. Health conscious people decreasing the coffee consumption. US market saturation and increasing unemployment rate Coffee price extremely dependent on developing countries Opportunities: Entering India, Pakistan and other countries with high population Whole bean sales in supermarkets Adding new products Technological advances New distribution channels PEST Analysis PEST ANALYSIS is used for measuring the organizations goals against influences and demands of environment. It is a very efficient tool to assess external (uncontrollable) factors in the market. Political: Relationship between US and countries producing coffee beans The political stability of the countries in potential destinations The political stability of the countries, which provides raw materials to Starbucks Environmental regulations Industry-specific regulations Economic: Demand for food and beverages Customers purchasing power Exchange rate taxation Tariffs quotes Unemployment rates in potential destinations Social: Current trends in coffee shops around world Consumer Preferences Changes in lifestyle and occupation Education of employees and customers Technology: RD in manufacturing RD in biotech and agriculture RD in IT Following social media strategies Macintosh HD:Users:sara:Desktop:Screen Shot 2012-06-25 at 12.37.59 AM.png Task 2- Barriers to Marketing Planning LO2: a. McDonald defines 5 areas in marketing planning that may have problems, which are cultural, behavioral, cognitive, systems procedures and resources. Cultural- lack of belief in planning or need for change Behavioral- lack of top management support, lack of team coherence Cognitive- lack of knowledge and skill Systems procedures- lack of data Resources- lack of time, people and money More in depth the barriers are, 1. Confusion between marketing tactics and strategy, 2. Isolating the marketing function from operations, 3. Confusion between the marketing function and the marketing concept. 4. Organizational barriers -the tribal mentality, for example the failure to define strategic business units (SBUs) correctly. 5. Lack of in-depth analysis, 6. Confusion between process and output. 7. Lack of knowledge and skills. 8. Lack of a systematic approach to marketing planning, 9. Failure to prioritize objectives, 10. Hostile corporate cultures b. Ten S Framework In order to overcome the above barriers McDonalds Ten S Framework can be used. If they follow this circle strategically Macintosh HD:Users:sara:Desktop:Screen Shot 2012-06-25 at 2.43.09 AM.png According to Mc Donald, Principle I: Developing the strategic marketing plan. In this plan, the period should be between three and five years. Principle 2: Marketing function should be as close as possible to the consumers. Principle 3: Define clearly what is marketing. Principle 4: Company activities should be organized around customer groups and market segments. Principle 5: Scan the environment thoroughly (PEST analysis etc.) Principle 6: Scanning the internal environment (SWOT Analysis) Principle 7: Marketing personnel must have skills and technical knowledge for the job. Principle 8: Prepare written procedures, as it is a common and systematic format for marketing planning. Principle 9: Objectives should be prioritized according to allocation of resources, their urgency. Principle 10: Organization should make sure to have the active support and participation of culture leaders. Task 3- The Marketing Plan LO3: Starbucks needs to be innovative as the market is so harsh and it has lots of competitors. In addition to that, profit margins of Starbucks are low so it has to offer the same good quality. Also in order to keep and increase brand loyalty, Starbucks has to offer different ideas all the time. As people get bored easily of products and services offered. Starbucks is trying to find and embrace new ideas all the time, they have a website called My Starbucks Idea for people. Community shares their ideas in this platform and maybe Starbucks would apply some of them  [1]  . Developing meaningful products and services for long-term success. Innovative solutions are developed to improve peoples lives and to increase demand to the firm. Also, innovation makes businesses to think about why it wants to do something. It makes businesses to look ahead and think about the possible problems that could be solved. This can be achieved through thinking outside the box. New product development is an essential section of any company marketing strategy. There are some ways for new product development. For instance developing/creating products that are totally new to the world (Tablet computers), Product improvements (Panthene Shampoos with conditioner), product modifications (mobile phones), new brands. Starbucks can use these 4 ways to develop products. When we apply these techniques to Starbucks and its products; Products new to the world: Frozen Starbucks coffee cubes. Product improvements: Coffee mocha that makes you sleep better and tastes stronger. Product modifications: Coffee without any fat. Cappuccino with more skimming. New brands: Starbucks for juniors-Starkids. Pricing: There are several ways for pricing such as price making, price taking, niche marketing, cost-based pricing, market-oriented pricing, price skimming, and price penetration etc. Among these pricing techniques Starbucks can use price making for new products. Since, Starbucks is the market leader. It has the opportunity to dictate the market prices. Price makers can also manipulate the prices more easily to adjust market conditions. Therefore, the autonomy of control is much higher. Distribution: Manufacturers can sell directly to customers. Manufacturers can sell to retailers and then to customers or manufacturer can sell to wholesaler, wholesaler can sell to retailer and retailer can sell to customer. In this case, Starbucks is the manufacturer, wholesaler (selling to other retailers such as Krogers etc.) and the retailer. In addition to that, instead of traditional ways of distribution a company can use vertical marketing channel too. In this model, all three functions are integrated. Manufacturer is also in contact with the wholesaler and with the retailer. This includes sharing information, and know-how to ensure that the requirements of customers are always treated as the priority. This is an effective model for Starbucks as it is modern and suitable for Starbucks. In addition to distribution method, company also needs to decide on the distribution intensity of its products such as exclusive, selective and intensive distribution. When it comes to distribution intensity, intensive distribution method is appropriate for Starbucks. Macintosh HD:Users:sara:Desktop:Screen Shot 2012-06-25 at 9.20.43 PM.png Communicating: The communication tools are advertising, radio, magazines, television channels, direct marketing, personal selling, promotions, exhibitions, telemarketing, events, public relations, sponsorship, and merchandising. Marketing communications (promotion) mix for Starbucks. Advertising: If Starbucks opens new location reminder advertising should be done. If Starbucks wants to inform and emphasize the guaranteed satisfaction for consumers persuasive advertising should be done. If Starbucks creates a new flavor for a beverage informative advertising should be done. Public relations: This is an important strategy for Starbucks as it is an essential strategy for community relationship. In addition to that, celebrity endorsement can be a vital strategy to target younger consumers. Social Media Marketing: In todays world consumers are very connected and social. Therefore, it is extremely important for companies to stay connected with potential consumers. d. The new product for Starbucks is create your own Frappuccino. Firstly, we need a review of the environment (PEST and SWOT). Then we need to conduct 7P Analysis then we need a review of the marketing system. The next thing to do is clarifying goals and objectives. If our objectives and strategies are feasible in terms of the market share, sales, costs and profits we can continue with our plan, if not we should revise our company goals. Finally, we can establish targets and standards. Analysis stage Marketing audit, environmental and organizational analysis (see task 1 for SWOT and PEST) Planning stage Setting objectives is in this part. Customize your Frappuccino will earn 20% of the market share within 2 years is our new goal for the new product. Implementation stage Promotion mix: Informative TV and magazine advertisings for the new product should be done. Also, through Facebook and Twitter social media campaigns will be started. Pricing: As the leader of the market, we make the price. For a limited time Customized Frappuccinos are for 4 $ (additional fees may occur due to seasonal changes and excessive amount of selections). Distribution: Same strategy vertical marketing channel applies here too. In addition to these, we target people around 15- 45 who enjoy trying new things and have an independent personality. Monitoring stage The last stage in the marketing planning process is where we monitor the plans performance. This diagram can be used in order to assess and monitor the achievement of the plan. One of our short-term goals might be increasing the awareness of this product 30% by the end of two months in Berlin. What is happening? Are we close to achieve it? Why or why not? Macintosh HD:Users:sara:Desktop:Screen Shot 2012-06-26 at 1.19.05 AM.png Task 4- Ethical Issues LO4 : a. Some ethical issues in marketing are product recalls, product issues, product market research, pricing issues (price fixing, predatory pricing etc.). Considering these headings, Starbucks have couple of ethical issues, which are also taken into account by social media too. First of all, for years Starbucks claimed their cups are disposable/ green but consumers learnt that it wasnt recyclable. This is a product issue  [2]  . There is also another issue that Starbucks is making every other small coffee shops close their doors. Therefore, it is decreasing the competition by acquiring more and more places (to be more convenient), which can also be discussed whether it is ethical or not. Since, Starbucks is a very big company and has good relationship with the coffee beans suppliers, it is buying all of the premium coffee beans in a very small town, which is unfair to other competitors. b. Marketing Mix Ethical Issues: Because, Starbucks advertised its coffee cups as green it is false or misleading advertising. This may damage the reputation of the company and decrease brand loyalty. One of the major ethical problem and its implication on the distribution is the restrictions of supply. There is a small town, which produces high quality, premium coffee beans and their product is bought buy Starbucks only. Starbucks buy large quantities of coffee beans compared to its competitors throughout the world therefore it is inevitable to state that Starbucks both will have negative and positive image among consumers, competitors and media. Ethical issues will arise, the main success is diminishing and eliminating this ethical issues with sponsorship or good corporate relationships. Personal selling and counterfeiting (other ethical issues) dont apply to Starbucks case. c. Starbucks is the only coffee shop (comparing to Costa or Coffee Nero) that sells fair trade coffee. Fairtrade guarantees a minimum price that tracks slightly above market rates, the Rainforest Alliance label only guarantees that 30% of coffee beans in a product have been certified  [3]  . In my point of view, the main ethical issue Starbucks is their strategy of expanding. It ignores other smaller shops and other locally owned coffee shops go out of business and face bankruptcy. The Fairtrade Mark guarantees that Third World producers get a superior arrangement for the goods that they develop.

History Of Data Processing Essay

Data processing is a shop that works in many different working fields. One thing you do in data processing is learning to computer programming. In my shop we are learning to program in Visual Basic and QuickBasic. Programming is used to tell a computer what to do. Using code you can make programs that can answer math problems, which would take someone, days to calculate in a brief second. In data processing we also learn to word process. Word processing is taking written text and being able to save and manipulate the text as desired. We also use databases in organizing large sums of information. Another thing we learn to do is make web sites, using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). In prehistoric times Data Processing was done with no machines. Machines did not exist at this time. People had just started thinking, and creating ways to organize the little amount of information they had. Using many different forms of languages, they engraved most of their information into stone, or painted with animal blood on cave walls and large stones. These engravings and drawing were the first real usage of word processing, which is a large part of data processing. It was not until the first account of written history, and the creation of machines that things could be processed a lot faster and accurately. Data Processing started to grow and have worth. During the year A.D. 300 data processing started to grow. The first true calculator was invented called the soroban, which was invented by the Chinese.# A strobe was a tool made of rows of pebbles, used for basic addition and subtraction. Japan also had their own version of the soroban, but it was only a little different. The soroban is one of the reasons that we have calculators today. When machines were finally developed around 1886 when Charles Babbage invented the Difference Engine. This machine used gears to do math and calculated complicated things very quickly. Most people thought that the Difference Engine Babbage was worth nothing, but a few people thought that it was the start of a great thing. One person who was very interested in the engine was Mr. Wilkins accounted in Babbage’s Journal. He talked with Babbage for days about his invention and was really the only person who thought it was advancement in calculation technology. From machines like this we grew too better, small, and more efficient calculation tools. Present day data processing is now done mostly on a computer. Computers completely revolutionized and changed data processing. The first successful computer was invented by an American inventor during the year 1888. Herman Hollerith, who devised a punch card system, used electronic charged nails that when a card passed threw it would create a circuit, which another machines would read and record it. This was later used to sum up the censuses. The first digital computer was invented by John Atanasoff during the year 1944. Atanasoff was a mathematician and physics at the time. This computer is many times faster and is where all computers today were started and influenced by. Instead of just using analog hardware, digital hardware. This hardware made the computer use half as much power, and made them 3 times smaller. The first general-purpose computer was created by two engineers during the year of 1945; the computer was called Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC). ENIAC was invented by Developed by John Presper and John W. Mauchly. ENIAC took up one thousand five hundred feet and was 1000 times faster then all the other computers created before it. It also consumed so much power that it would make the light in Philadelphia dim, that’s how much power it would take to run it. The next really big advancement in computer took place around 1951 when Eckert and Mauchly completed a more advanced computer called UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), which ended up being the first commercial computer. The first UNIVAC was installed at the U.S. Census bureau in June 1951. The types of computer we use today are called Personal Computers (PC’s). Two young Americans, Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak, who later founded Apple Computer, Inc created PC’s around 1975. These computers were much cheaper and finally became available to people. In the past, computers were only available to scientist because of the price, and how hard they were to understand how to work with them. The personal computer was later revolutionized by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975 when they created the operating systems MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) which sold more then Apple sold in one week then they did over a year. With their new operating system they were unstoppable. Many other programs were created as time went on. One very important program that was created was the word processor. The word processor was first created in the mid 1980s which was an efficient was to organized words. It was placed in almost every computer. Many other advancement happen everyday. Computers always seem to be getting faster and increase in memory. People also expected the computer to become bigger but in reality ended up just getting smaller and smaller over time. As time passes by more advanced, and efficient programs are created, and better operating systems invented. Who knows where the computer will end up in the future? Data processing also has many different things that are new to it. One new thing in data processing is word processing. Word processing is taking written or thought and putting the text in to a computer program which always you to print, edit, and make it look business format. Word processing can be used to create many different business standard documents. Using Microsoft Word, which is the business standard program for businesses, you can make resumes look like a million dollars, and memos looking like they were met to be written in stone. In data processing we also make an assortments of databases. Databases can be used for many different things. One-way databases (Which we create using Microsoft Access) are used, is for  organizing large sums of information and help with the processing of that information. Databases in business’s are used a lot of times to create programs for barcode machines with all the prices in the machines. Have you ever been to market basket or your local food store and looked at the screen, which sums up all of your purchases, well databases are what make that work. Data processing also has a new thing called the Internet, which is mainly made with HTML programming language. Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is mainly used for the Internet because you can put a lot of information into a small file. When you put a web site that was programmed in HTLM code on the Internet, that file can be downloaded very quickly over a slow Internet connection. Last but not least in data processing now uses the computer to create worksheets. Worksheets are used to do many different things but mainly used to do accounting for a company or small business. Worksheets are a quick and easy way to sum up many different businesses accounts receivable and debit they have. Then after you figure it all out with formulas, you can chart the whole thing out and publish it so that the whole world can see it on the Internet (if you want it to be published). In conclusion, data processing has not really changed over the times it has just become faster, and more efficient. As time goes by who knows how much easier it will be to process large amount of information, we the human probably wont even any of it because it will all be done by the computer automatically. But who knows where things will go with data processing. We are always doing, and making better things.

My Future Essay

In my second year of college there are a number of things I have learned about myself. I have learned about my likes and dislikes as well as my strength and weaknesses. I have had to make goals and start planning my future. Through out planning, my choices have been influenced by people and issues. I have had to take in numerous considerations in making my decisions. I have chosen a career field, a major, and laid out a plan for my future in visual communications. My first two years of college have been not only an exploration of knowledge but also of myself. The one pattern I have noticed is that I change my mind A LOT! My tastes are changing as I am getting older and not as influenced by family. I am becoming my own person. Things I once enjoyed I no longer find interesting and things I despised in the past are now appealing. I long for an evening alone to clean house and painting my toe nails. In high school this would be a long boring evening but now sounds luxurious. Time is so important being a student and working so any free time is a treat. I have also learned to despise certain things that at one point did not bother me. For example, in grade school if there was something I may have known a little bit about but did not understands it did not bother me. I just simply did not care enough to want to learn the subject thoroughly. But know as soon as I learn something I want to know all parts of it and fully understand. This semester I made an effort to learn as much about our political system and the presidential candidates as I could prior to the election. This to me, now, is fulfilling. Overall, my first few semesters of college enabled me to learn more about myself. I have also begun mapping out my intentions in college. I have researched a number of careers and spoken with people in related fields to get an idea of what I would like to do. My fiancà ©, a senior at UTPB, has given advice to consider based on his experiences. I have also spoken with college graduates to hear about their experiences and what they would have changed or done different. I have taken many things into consideration in planning my college pathway. One consideration is that after this summer I will be married, and the following fall my husband will graduate. Depending on where he gets a job, I may have to transfer school. Because of this, I need to  make sure the classes I take will transfer to another university. I also have tried to start with general classes since I am prone to changing my mind, I may want to change majors. Another consideration I have perplexed is the demand for jobs in my chosen major. I have considered the type of work environment I want to work in, the hours I want to work, and how much traveling I want to do. Altogether, I have a well round idea of where I am headed in college. In planning my college career, I have considered numerous careers. The careers I am considering require a minimum of four years higher education and are computer related. My first pick for a career is that of a webmaster. This type of work would include designing and maintenance of web sites. My second career choice would be that of advertising. I would want to designer logos, banners, or flyers for companies. My third chose for a career would be design. I could design anything from magazine or book covers to animated characters or movie scenes. I would be qualified to work for a school, TV station; any type of movie or animation design company, and a long term goal would be that of working for myself. In my research and mapping out my college career, I have decided to major in fine arts to get a bachelor’s degree in Visual Communications. There are a number of career pathways I could take with this degree. I would not be limited to just doing one job. I will have a number of options in a career field that is steadily growing. If for some reason I transferred to a school that does not offer this program, I would more than likely major in mass communications. I would be content doing anything with computers, less technical maintenance and more of a visual exchange of ideas. If anything else education would be a consideration for a career. Concisely, my chosen major is that of Visual Communications. In summary, my college pathway is that of this; I plan to take general education classes until I know where I will be more permanently going to school. I will than begin working towards a Bachelors of Fine Arts in Visual Communication. I would like to build, design, and maintain websites for numerous companies and businesses. I would also be interested in jobs  related to advertising and design. If all else fails it would be rewarding and a privilege to teach in either a public school or state university. Overall, I have a well thought plan for my future and am looking forward to being a contributing member of society. Bibliography The University of Texas. The University of Texas.